Advantages And Disadvantages Of Cocomo Model In Software Engineering

Source lines of code LOC, SLOC, KLOC, LLOC. Project. Code. Meterarticle cited from Wikipedia. Source lines of code SLOC or LOC is a software metric used to measure. SLOC is typically used to predict. Measurement methods. There are two major types of SLOC measures physical SLOC LOC and. SLOC LLOC. Specific definitions of these two measures vary. FP%3A+Advantages+%26+Disadvantages.jpg' alt='Advantages And Disadvantages Of Cocomo Model In Software Engineering' title='Advantages And Disadvantages Of Cocomo Model In Software Engineering' />SLOC is a count of lines in. Blank. lines are also included unless the lines of code in a section consists. In this case blank lines in excess of 2. Logical LOC attempts to measure the number of statements, but. LOC measure for C like programming languages. It is much easier. Software Engineering and its Model. Various Development Models The following are some of the models adopted to develop software i Build and Fix Model It is a. This strategy is often referred to a process model or a software. Online Examination System covers almost all type. Software Engineering Standards. Source lines of code SLOC, also known as lines of code LOC, is a software metric used to measure the size of a computer program by counting the number of lines in. Advantages. Disadvantages. Provides a working model to the user early in the process, enabling early assessment and increasing users confidence. SLOC, and physical SLOC. However, physical SLOC measures are. LOC is less sensitive to formatting and style. Unfortunately, SLOC measures are often stated without. LOC can often be significantly. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Cocomo Model In Software Engineering' title='Advantages And Disadvantages Of Cocomo Model In Software Engineering' />SLOC. Consider this snippet of C code as an example of the ambiguity encountered when determining SLOC fori 0 i lt 1. How many lines of code is this In this example we have 1 Physical Lines of Code LOC2 Logical Line of Code LLOC for statement and printf statement1 comment line. Depending on the programmer andor coding standards, the above line of code could be written on many separate lines fori 0 i lt 1. Now how many lines of code is this In this example we have 4 Physical Lines of Code LOC is placing braces work to be estimatedLogical Line of Code LLOC what about all the work writing non statement lines Even the logical and physical SLOC values can have a large. Robert E. Park while at the Software. Engineering Institute et al. COCOMO COCOMO stands for Constructive Cost Model, it is a software cost estimation model that was first published in 1981 by Barry Bohem Bohem, 2001. The quickfix model is an ad hoc approach used for maintaining the software system. The objective of this model is to identify the problem and then fix it as quickly. NUES The student will submit a synopsis at the beginning of the semester for approval from the departmental committee in a specified format. Project Code Meter Source lines of code article cited from Wikipedia Source lines of code SLOC or LOC is a software metric used to measure the size of a software. SLOC. values, to enable people to carefully explain and define the SLOC. For example, most software systems reuse. Origins. At the time that people began using SLOC as a metric, the most commonly used languages, such as FORTRAN and assembler, were line oriented languages. These languages were developed at the time when punched cards. One punched card. It was one discrete object that. It was the visible output of the programmer so it. Today, the most commonly used computer languages allow a lot more. Text lines are no longer limited to 8. Usage of SLOC measures. SLOC measures are somewhat controversial, particularly in the way. Experiments have repeatedly confirmed. SLOC. that is, programs with larger SLOC values take more time to develop. Thus, SLOC can be effective in estimating effort. However. functionality is less well correlated with SLOC skilled developers may. SLOC may exhibit more functionality than another. In particular, SLOC is a poor productivity measure of. Good. developers may merge multiple code modules into a single module. Also, especially skilled developers tend to. Furthermore, inexperienced developers often resort to code duplication. SLOC. SLOC is particularly ineffective at comparing programs written in. Various computer languages. APL. The following example shows a comparison of a hello world program. C, and the same program written in COBOL a language known. CCOBOLinclude lt stdio. Hello World return. IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. PROGRAM ID. HELLOWORLD. ENVIRONMENT DIVISION. CONFIGURATION SECTION. SOURCE COMPUTER. RM COBOL. OBJECT COMPUTER. RM COBOL. DATA DIVISION. 0. FILE SECTION. 0. 01. PROCEDURE DIVISION. MAIN LOGIC SECTION. Triforce Games On Wii more. BEGIN. 1. 00. 40. DISPLAY LINE 1 POSITION 1 ERASE EOS. DISPLAY Hello world LINE 1. POSITION 1. 0. 1. STOP RUN. 1. 00. 70. MAIN LOGIC EXIT. EXIT. Lines of code 5excluding whitespaceLines of code 1. Another increasingly common problem in comparing SLOC metrics is the. Modern. software tools often have the capability to auto generate enormous. For instance, GUI builders automatically generate all the source code for a GUI object. The work involved in. By the same token, a hand coded. GUI class could easily be more demanding than a simple device. There are several cost, schedule, and effort estimation models which. SLOC as an input parameter, including the widely used Constructive. Cost Model COCOMO series of models by Barry Boehm et al., PRICE Systems True S and Galoraths SEER SEM. While these models have shown good predictive power, they are only as. SLOC estimates fed to them. Example. According to Vincent Maraia1, the SLOC values for various operating systems in Microsofts Windows NT product line are as follows Year. Operating System. SLOC Million1. 99. Windows NT 3. 1. 4 511. Windows NT 3. 5. 7 811. Windows NT 4. 0. 11 1. Windows 2. 00. 0more than 2. Windows XP4. 012. Windows Server 2. David A. Wheeler studied the Red Hat distribution of the Linux operating system. Red Hat Linux version 7. April 2. 00. 1. contained over 3. SLOC. He also extrapolated that, had. U. S. dollars. A similar study was later made of Debian. Linux version 2. 2 also known as Potato this version of Linux was. August 2. 00. 0. This study found that Debian Linux. SLOC, and if developed in a conventional. USD to develop. Later runs of the tools used report that the. Debian had 1. 04 million SLOC, and as of year 2. SLOC. updateOne can find figures of major operating systems the various Windows versions have been presented in a table aboveOperating System. SLOC MillionDebian 2. Debian 3. 0. 10. 43Debian 3. Debian 4. 0. 28. 33Debian 5. Open. Solaris. 9. Free. BSD8. 8. Mac OS X 1. Linux kernel 2. 6. Linux kernel 2. 6. Linux kernel 2. 6. Advantages. Scope for Automation of Counting As Line of Code is a physical. Small utilities may be developed for counting the. LOC in a program. However, a code counting utility developed for a. An Intuitive Metric Line of Code serves as an intuitive metric for. Function points. are said to be more of an objective metric which cannot be imagined as. This way. LOC comes in handy to express the size of software among programmers. Disadvantages. Lack of Accountability. Lines of code measure suffers from some fundamental problems. Download Hindi Font For Android 2.3.6 more. It might. not be useful to measure the productivity of a project using. Lack of Cohesion with Functionality Though experiments. LOC. functionality is less well correlated with LOC. That is, skilled. LOC may exhibit more functionality than. In particular, LOC is a poor productivity. Adverse Impact on Estimation Because of the fact presented under. Due to point 2 differential comparison of code versions may produce a negative SLOC result. Developers Experience Implementation of a specific logic differs. Hence, number of. An experienced developer. Difference in Languages Consider two applications that provide the. One of the. applications is written in C and the other application written in a. COBOL. The number of function points would be exactly the. The lines of. code needed to develop the application would certainly not be the same. As a consequence, the amount of effort required to develop the. Unlike Lines. of Code, the number of Function Points will remain constant. Advent of GUI Tools With the advent of GUI based programming languages and tools such as Visual Basic. For example, instead of writing a program to create a. GUI tool can use drag and drop. Code. that is automatically generated by a GUI tool is not usually taken into. LOC methods of measurement. This results in. variation between languages the same task that can be done in a single. Problems with Multiple Languages In todays software scenario. Very often, a. number of languages are employed depending on the complexity and. Tracking and reporting of productivity and defect rates. Function Point stands out to be the best measure of size in this case. Software Cost Estimation W0. Studies within the last few years have shown that a great. IBMs Consulting Group did a survey of 2. Hussein. 2. 00. 2a. The Standish Group also did a study in 1. United States and found that 5. Hussein. 2. 00. 2a. Although these numbers are from a few years ago, they likely. Hussein. 2. 00. 2b. The problem of making accurate cost estimates can be. Cost estimation is an often overlooked. To. Top. 2. 1 Defining Cost Estimation. Cost estimation can be defined as the approximate judgement of the. Cost estimation will never be an exact science. Futhermore, any process that involves a significant human factor can never. Furthermore, software development for any fair sized project will. Cost estimation is usually measured in terms of effort. The most common. metric used is person months or years or man months or years. The effort. is the amount of time for one person to work for a certain period of time. It is important that the specific characteristics of the development. A. clear example of differences in development environments are the amount of. North. America is 4. Europe the typical workweek is 3. Londeix. 1. 98. 7. Thus, when comparing a project from North America with a. Europe, a conversion factor would have to be used to all for. Different variables can be used for cost. For example, a cost estimate can. To. Estimation and Project Planning. Cost estimation is an important tool that can affect the planning and. Because there are a finite number of resources for. A cost estimate done at the. Requirements. can be prioritized to ensure that the most important features are included. The risk of a project is reduced when the most important. Thus, cost estimation can have a big. Cost estimation can also have an important effect on resource. It is prudent for a company to allocate better resources, such. Manpower loading is a. Most of time, it is. When tools are used for estimation, management and. For. example, one tradeoff may be to invest in a more powerful integrated. IDE. so that the number of personnel working on a project could be reduced. Cost estimation has a large impact on project planning and management. To. Estimation During the Software Life Cycle. Cost estimation should be done throughout the entire life cycle. The. first time cost estimation can be done is at the beginning of the project. Cost estimation may even be. For example, several. Doing cost estimation during the entire life cycle allows for the. Periodic. re estimation is a way to gauge the progress of the project and whether. Symbian Games Ngage Qd'>Symbian Games Ngage Qd. Effective monitoring and control of the software costs is required for. Tools. are available to help organize and manage the cost estimates and the data. People are less likely to. It is not always the. Some thought should be. The metrics that are gathered will be highly. The success of a cost estimate method is not necessarily the accuracy. An organization that does a great deal of. However, in general, the method will be better if it converges quickly to. At the end of the project, all estimation. To. Estimator. The people who do the cost estimates could be either directly or. Someone who has knowledge of the. The. historical data is often limited to the memory of the estimator. In this. case, the estimator would need to be experienced and would likely have. Some people believe it is better if the estimates are done by outsiders. It is true that people outside an. For example, the developer for a company. The disadvantage of having an outside estimate is that. An empirical method. Constructive Cost Model. COCOMO, which is discussed in more detail in section 5. Empirical methods of estimation can be used by all types of estimators. There may be some resistance to using an empirical method of estimation. People who are accurate estimators are rare in our experience, and. To. General Steps and Remarks. To give the reader a better idea of how software cost estimation fits. The steps are not numbered because they are not. As well, although they generally. Although this may at first seem to be confusing. The first and most important step is to establish a cost estimate plan. Pressman. 2. 00. 1. In this plan, it should be stated what data will be gathered. Determining which data is to be gathered is essentially stating. This decision can influence the amount. There is obviously no point in gathering. This will seem unnecessary, and require more. Although it. may seem like a good idea to gather metrics that will not be used in the. A fair amount of thought should be put into the. The second step is to perform a cost estimation based on the. Decomposition of the project can be done at this time if a. Keep in mind that it is. If there are wide variances in the estimates of the. Humphrey. 1. 99. 0. During the lifecycle, re estimates should be done to allow for. The re estimates could be done at major. This. decision will depend on the situation. Changes may have to be made to the. At the end of the project, a final assessment of the results of the. This allows a company to. To. Document Overview. The remainder of this document. The cost estimation process is. Six methods. of doing cost estimation are described in section 4. A popular. empirical method of estimation is discussed in section 5. Finally, section 6.